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India’s most dangerous air defense challenge is no longer at high altitude, but just above the battlefield. From FPV drones to loitering munitions, the air littoral has become the decisive layer of modern warfare. This analysis explores why low-altitude air defense is reaching its limits, and what India must do to adapt.

Navy Chief Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi urged the 149th NDA course graduates to remember that leadership begins with duty, not rank. Emphasizing competence, courage, and character, he prepared cadets for a rapidly changing world where military service offers purpose, not predictability.